UNIT 2 ¨caught in the rush

Adverbs of quantity

The function of an adverb in a sentence is to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb. An adverb of quantity is an adverb that concerns itself with how many. Common quantifying adverbs include words such as "all," "both," "many," "every" and "some." Adverbs are easy to recognize because they commonly end in “-ly,” such as in "slowly," "happily" or "prudently." This is not always the case, however, and this is especially true of an adverb of quantity, because no adverb of quantity ends in “-ly.”

Adverbs are one of the eight parts of speech. They are modifiers, meaning they are responsible for enhancing, clarifying, specifying or even exaggerating a sentence’s verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. They have a descriptive function, so they are often confused with adjectives. Adjectives, however, modify only nouns or other adjectives. Quite simply: adjectives do not modify adverbs, and adverbs do not modify nouns.

Aside from “how many,” an adverb can tell the reader where, when and how. There are four main categories of adverbs. Adverbs of manner describe how someone or something behaves, such as "suspiciously," "angrily" or "carefully." Adverbs of place describe where, such as "inside" or "nearby." An adverb of frequency describes how often, such as "sometimes" or "always." Adverbs of time tell the reader when, such as "soon," "today" or "tomorrow."

with count nouns                           with noncount nouns

there are too many cars .                                                        there is too much traffic.      

there should be fewer cars .                                                    there should be less polllution.

we need more subway lines.                                                   we need more public transportation.

there arent enough buses.                                                      there isnt enough parking

INDIRECT QUESTIONS FROM WH-QUESTIONS

Closed questions

Closed questions demand a yes/no, true/false or right/wrong answer.

When we want to ask yes/no questions we can use do/does, am/is/are or have/has as question words. We use do or have or am with personal pronouns (I), we use does or has or is with third person singular pronouns (he, she, it) and with singular noun forms. We use do or have or are with other personal pronouns (you, we they) and with plural noun forms.

Yes/no questions with the verb be are created by moving the verb be to the beginning of the sentence. In other words the subject and the verb change their positions in statements and questions.

When forming questions in the present continuous tense use the verb be.

When forming questions in the present simple tense use the verb be, do, or have. The auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

To Be

If there is one verb in the statement and the verb is a form of be , simply switch the positions of the subject and verb.

To Do

If there is one verb in the statement and the verb is do, simply switch the positions of the subject and verb.

To Have

If there is one verb in the statement and the verb is have, (with or without got to show possession), switch the positions of the subject and verb.

If there is one verb, and the verb is not a form of be, the process is more complex. To form a question add the correct form of the verb 'to do' to the beginning. Here there is no subject verb inversion.

Answering a Closed Question

For example: "Are you from England?"

You can answer closed questions with "Yes" or "No".

You can also answer closed questions with a slightly longer answer "Yes, I am." or "No, I'm not."

Finally you can answer closed questions in the long form "Yes, I am from England." or "No, I'm not from England."